/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.common.testing;

import static com.google.common.base.Throwables.throwIfUnchecked;
import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.newConcurrentHashSet;
import static java.lang.Math.max;
import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible;
import com.google.common.base.FinalizablePhantomReference;
import com.google.common.base.FinalizableReferenceQueue;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.DoNotMock;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.FormatMethod;
import com.google.j2objc.annotations.J2ObjCIncompatible;
import java.lang.ref.Reference;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Testing utilities relating to garbage collection finalization.
 *
 * <p>Use this class to test code triggered by <em>finalization</em>, that is, one of the following
 * actions taken by the java garbage collection system:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>invoking the {@code finalize} methods of unreachable objects
 *   <li>clearing weak references to unreachable referents
 *   <li>enqueuing weak references to unreachable referents in their reference queue
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>This class uses (possibly repeated) invocations of {@link java.lang.System#gc()} to cause
 * finalization to happen. However, a call to {@code System.gc()} is specified to be no more than a
 * hint, so this technique may fail at the whim of the JDK implementation, for example if a user
 * specified the JVM flag {@code -XX:+DisableExplicitGC}. But in practice, it works very well for
 * ordinary tests.
 *
 * <p>Failure of the expected event to occur within an implementation-defined "reasonable" time
 * period or an interrupt while waiting for the expected event will result in a {@link
 * RuntimeException}.
 *
 * <p>Here's an example that tests a {@code finalize} method:
 *
 * {@snippet :
 * final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
 * Object x = new MyClass() {
 *   ...
 *   protected void finalize() { latch.countDown(); ... }
 * };
 * x = null; // Hint to the JIT that x is stack-unreachable
 * GcFinalization.await(latch);
 * }
 *
 * <p>Here's an example that uses a user-defined finalization predicate:
 *
 * {@snippet :
 * final WeakHashMap<Object, Object> map = new WeakHashMap<>();
 * map.put(new Object(), Boolean.TRUE);
 * GcFinalization.awaitDone(new FinalizationPredicate() {
 *   public boolean isDone() {
 *     return map.isEmpty();
 *   }
 * });
 * }
 *
 * <p>Even if your non-test code does not use finalization, you can use this class to test for
 * leaks, by ensuring that objects are no longer strongly referenced:
 *
 * {@snippet :
 * // Helper function keeps victim stack-unreachable.
 * private WeakReference<Foo> fooWeakRef() {
 *   Foo x = ....;
 *   WeakReference<Foo> weakRef = new WeakReference<>(x);
 *   // ... use x ...
 *   x = null; // Hint to the JIT that x is stack-unreachable
 *   return weakRef;
 * }
 * public void testFooLeak() {
 *   GcFinalization.awaitClear(fooWeakRef());
 * }
 * }
 *
 * <p>This class cannot currently be used to test soft references, since this class does not try to
 * create the memory pressure required to cause soft references to be cleared.
 *
 * <p>This class only provides testing utilities. It is not designed for direct use in production or
 * for benchmarking.
 *
 * @author mike nonemacher
 * @author Martin Buchholz
 * @since 11.0
 */
@GwtIncompatible
@J2ktIncompatible
@J2ObjCIncompatible // gc
@NullMarked
public final class GcFinalization {
  private GcFinalization() {}

  /**
   * 10 seconds ought to be long enough for any object to be GC'ed and finalized. Unless we have a
   * gigantic heap, in which case we scale by heap size.
   */
  private static long timeoutSeconds() {
    // This class can make no hard guarantees.  The methods in this class are inherently flaky, but
    // we try hard to make them robust in practice.  We could additionally try to add in a system
    // load timeout multiplier.  Or we could try to use a CPU time bound instead of wall clock time
    // bound.  But these ideas are harder to implement.  We do not try to detect or handle a
    // user-specified -XX:+DisableExplicitGC.
    //
    // TODO(user): Consider using
    // java/lang/management/OperatingSystemMXBean.html#getSystemLoadAverage()
    //
    // TODO(user): Consider scaling by number of mutator threads,
    // e.g. using Thread#activeCount()
    return max(10L, Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() / (32L * 1024L * 1024L));
  }

  /**
   * Waits until the given future {@linkplain Future#isDone is done}, invoking the garbage collector
   * as necessary to try to ensure that this will happen.
   *
   * @throws RuntimeException if timed out or interrupted while waiting
   */
  public static void awaitDone(Future<?> future) {
    if (future.isDone()) {
      return;
    }
    long timeoutSeconds = timeoutSeconds();
    long deadline = System.nanoTime() + SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds);
    do {
      runFinalization();
      if (future.isDone()) {
        return;
      }
      System.gc();
      try {
        future.get(1L, SECONDS);
        return;
      } catch (CancellationException | ExecutionException ok) {
        return;
      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected interrupt while waiting for future", ie);
      } catch (TimeoutException tryHarder) {
        /* OK */
      }
    } while (System.nanoTime() - deadline < 0);
    throw formatRuntimeException("Future not done within %d second timeout", timeoutSeconds);
  }

  /**
   * Waits until the given predicate returns true, invoking the garbage collector as necessary to
   * try to ensure that this will happen.
   *
   * @throws RuntimeException if timed out or interrupted while waiting
   */
  public static void awaitDone(FinalizationPredicate predicate) {
    if (predicate.isDone()) {
      return;
    }
    long timeoutSeconds = timeoutSeconds();
    long deadline = System.nanoTime() + SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds);
    do {
      runFinalization();
      if (predicate.isDone()) {
        return;
      }
      CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch(1);
      createUnreachableLatchFinalizer(done);
      await(done);
      if (predicate.isDone()) {
        return;
      }
    } while (System.nanoTime() - deadline < 0);
    throw formatRuntimeException(
        "Predicate did not become true within %d second timeout", timeoutSeconds);
  }

  /**
   * Waits until the given latch has {@linkplain CountDownLatch#countDown counted down} to zero,
   * invoking the garbage collector as necessary to try to ensure that this will happen.
   *
   * @throws RuntimeException if timed out or interrupted while waiting
   */
  public static void await(CountDownLatch latch) {
    if (latch.getCount() == 0) {
      return;
    }
    long timeoutSeconds = timeoutSeconds();
    long deadline = System.nanoTime() + SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds);
    do {
      runFinalization();
      if (latch.getCount() == 0) {
        return;
      }
      System.gc();
      try {
        if (latch.await(1L, SECONDS)) {
          return;
        }
      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected interrupt while waiting for latch", ie);
      }
    } while (System.nanoTime() - deadline < 0);
    throw formatRuntimeException(
        "Latch failed to count down within %d second timeout", timeoutSeconds);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a garbage object that counts down the latch in its finalizer. Sequestered into a
   * separate method to make it somewhat more likely to be unreachable.
   */
  private static void createUnreachableLatchFinalizer(CountDownLatch latch) {
    FinalizableReference.register(new Object(), latch);
  }

  /**
   * A predicate that is expected to return true subsequent to <em>finalization</em>, that is, one
   * of the following actions taken by the garbage collector when performing a full collection in
   * response to {@link System#gc()}:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>invoking the {@code finalize} methods of unreachable objects
   *   <li>clearing weak references to unreachable referents
   *   <li>enqueuing weak references to unreachable referents in their reference queue
   * </ul>
   */
  @DoNotMock("Implement with a lambda")
  public interface FinalizationPredicate {
    /** Returns {@code true} if the finalization condition is met. */
    boolean isDone();
  }

  /**
   * Waits until the given weak reference is cleared, invoking the garbage collector as necessary to
   * try to ensure that this will happen.
   *
   * <p>This is a convenience method, equivalent to:
   *
   * {@snippet :
   * awaitDone(new FinalizationPredicate() {
   *   public boolean isDone() {
   *     return ref.get() == null;
   *   }
   * });
   * }
   *
   * @throws RuntimeException if timed out or interrupted while waiting
   */
  public static void awaitClear(WeakReference<?> ref) {
    awaitDone(() -> ref.get() == null);
  }

  /**
   * Tries to perform a "full" garbage collection cycle (including processing of weak references and
   * invocation of finalize methods) and waits for it to complete. Ensures that at least one weak
   * reference has been cleared and one {@code finalize} method has been run before this method
   * returns. This method may be useful when testing the garbage collection mechanism itself, or
   * inhibiting a spontaneous GC initiation in subsequent code.
   *
   * <p>In contrast, a plain call to {@link java.lang.System#gc()} does not ensure finalization
   * processing and may run concurrently, for example, if the JVM flag {@code
   * -XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent} is used.
   *
   * <p>Whenever possible, it is preferable to test directly for some observable change resulting
   * from GC, as with {@link #awaitClear}. Because there are no guarantees for the order of GC
   * finalization processing, there may still be some unfinished work for the GC to do after this
   * method returns.
   *
   * <p>This method does not create any memory pressure as would be required to cause soft
   * references to be processed.
   *
   * @throws RuntimeException if timed out or interrupted while waiting
   * @since 12.0
   */
  public static void awaitFullGc() {
    CountDownLatch finalizerRan = new CountDownLatch(1);
    WeakReference<Object> ref = createWeakReferenceWithFinalizer(finalizerRan);

    await(finalizerRan);
    awaitClear(ref);

    // Hope to catch some stragglers queued up behind our finalizable object
    runFinalization();
  }

  private static WeakReference<Object> createWeakReferenceWithFinalizer(
      CountDownLatch finalizerRan) {
    Object referent = new Object();
    FinalizableReference.register(referent, finalizerRan);
    return new WeakReference<>(referent);
  }

  private static final class FinalizableReference extends FinalizablePhantomReference<Object> {
    static final FinalizableReferenceQueue referenceQueue = new FinalizableReferenceQueue();
    static final Set<FinalizableReference> references = newConcurrentHashSet();

    static void register(Object referent, CountDownLatch latch) {
      try {
        references.add(new FinalizableReference(referent, latch));
      } finally {
        GcFinalization.reachabilityFence(referent);
      }
    }

    final CountDownLatch latch;

    FinalizableReference(Object referent, CountDownLatch latch) {
      super(referent, referenceQueue);
      this.latch = latch;
    }

    @Override
    public void finalizeReferent() {
      references.remove(this);
      latch.countDown();
    }
  }

  @FormatMethod
  private static RuntimeException formatRuntimeException(String format, Object... args) {
    return new RuntimeException(String.format(Locale.ROOT, format, args));
  }

  private static final @Nullable Method runFinalizationMethod = getRunFinalizationMethod();

  private static @Nullable Method getRunFinalizationMethod() {
    try {
      return System.class.getMethod("runFinalization");
    } catch (NoSuchMethodException | SecurityException e) {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private static void runFinalization() {
    if (runFinalizationMethod == null) {
      return;
    }
    try {
      runFinalizationMethod.invoke(null);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
      throwIfUnchecked(e.getCause());
      throw new AssertionError(e.getCause());
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
      throw new AssertionError(e);
    }
  }

  // We call the method only after checking that it's present.
  @IgnoreJRERequirement
  @SuppressWarnings({
    "Java8ApiChecker",
    "NewApi",
    // This method is a helper, which we call from a `finally` block, as recommended.
    "ReachabilityFenceUsage",
  })
  static void reachabilityFence(@Nullable Object o) {
    if (IS_REACHABILITY_FENCE_METHOD_USABLE) {
      Reference.reachabilityFence(o);
    }
  }

  private static final boolean IS_REACHABILITY_FENCE_METHOD_USABLE =
      computeIsReachabilityFenceMethodUsable();

  private static boolean computeIsReachabilityFenceMethodUsable() {
    try {
      Method method = Reference.class.getMethod("reachabilityFence", Object.class);
      method.invoke(null, GcFinalization.class); // to make sure the method is accessible
      return true;
    } catch (NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException probablyBeforeJava9OrAndroid28) {
      /*
       * It's theoretically possible for Reference.reachabilityFence to exist under older VMs in an
       * inaccessible form.
       */
      return false;
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
      /*
       * It's theoretically possible for Reference.reachabilityFence to exist under older VMs but
       * not work. (Under Android in particular, we really should check the API Level instead of
       * probing for methods....) But it's hard to imagine how reachabilityFence in particular could
       * exist but throw, so we propagate anything that's thrown, presumably an unchecked Exception
       * or Error.
       */
      throwIfUnchecked(e.getCause());
      throw new AssertionError(e.getCause());
    }
  }
}